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<title>Systems design</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Systems design</span></span>

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<p>The basic study of <b>system design</b> is the understanding of component parts and their subsequent interaction with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Systems design has appeared in a variety of fields, including aeronautics,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sustainability,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> computer/software architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_Development">Product Development</h2></div>

<p>If the broader topic of product development "blends the perspective of marketing, design, and manufacturing into a single approach to product development,"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then design is the act of taking the marketing information and creating the design of the product to be manufactured.

</p><p>Thus in product development, <b>systems design</b> involves the process of defining and developing systems, such as interfaces and <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a>, for an electronic <a href="Control_system" title="Control system">control system</a> to satisfy specified <a href="Requirement" title="Requirement">requirements</a>. Systems design could be seen as the application of <a href="Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a> to <a href="Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">product development</a>. There is some overlap with the disciplines of <a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">systems analysis</a>, <a href="Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">systems architecture</a> and <a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_design">Physical design</h3></div>

<p>The physical design relates to the actual input and output processes of the system. This is explained in terms of how data is input into a system, how it is verified/authenticated, how it is processed, and how it is displayed.

In physical design, the following requirements about the system are decided.

</p>

<ol><li>Input requirement,</li>

<li>Output requirements,</li>

<li>Storage requirements,</li>

<li>Processing requirements,</li>

<li>System control and backup or recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>

<p>Put another way, the physical portion of system design can generally be broken down into three sub-tasks:

</p>

<ol><li>User Interface Design</li>

<li>Data Design</li>

<li>Process Design</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_design">Architecture design</h3></div>

<p>Designing the overall structure of a system focuses on creating a scalable, reliable, and efficient system. For example, services like Google, Twitter, Facebook, Amazon, and Netflix exemplify large-scale distributed systems. Here are key considerations:

</p>

<ol><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional</a> and <a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">non-functional</a> requirements</li>

<li>Capacity estimation</li>

<li>Usage of <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational</a> and/or <a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> databases</li>

<li>Vertical scaling, horizontal scaling, <a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">sharding</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">Load balancing</a></li>

<li>Primary-secondary <a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">replication</a></li>

<li>Cache and CDN</li>

<li>Stateless and Stateful servers</li>

<li>Datacenter <a href="Geographic_routing" title="Geographic routing">georouting</a></li>

<li>Message Queue, Publish-Subscribe Architecture</li>

<li>Performance Metrics Monitoring and Logging</li>

<li>Build, test, configure deploy automation</li>

<li>Finding single point of failure</li>

<li><a href="API" title="API">API</a> Rate Limiting</li>

<li>Service Level Agreement</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machine_Learning_Systems_Design">Machine Learning Systems Design</h3></div>

<p>Machine learning systems design focuses on building scalable, reliable, and efficient systems that integrate <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> (ML) models to solve real-world problems. ML systems require careful consideration of data pipelines, model training, and deployment infrastructure. ML systems are often used in applications such as <a href="Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">recommendation engines</a>, <a href="Artificial_intelligence_in_fraud_detection" title="Artificial intelligence in fraud detection">fraud detection</a>, and <a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>.

</p><p>Key components to consider when designing ML systems include:

</p>

<ol><li>Problem Definition: Clearly define the problem, data requirements, and evaluation metrics. Success criteria often involve accuracy, latency, and scalability.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Data Pipeline: Build automated pipelines to collect, clean, transform, and validate data.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Model Selection and Training: Choose appropriate algorithms (e.g., <a href="Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">linear regression</a>, <a href="Decision_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision trees">decision trees</a>, <a href="Neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural networks">neural networks</a>) and train models using frameworks like <a href="TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a> or <a href="PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a>.</li>

<li>Deployment and Serving: Deploy trained models to production environments using scalable architectures such as containerized services (e.g., <a href="Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker</a> and <a href="Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Monitoring and Maintenance: Continuously monitor model performance, retrain as necessary, and ensure <a href="Concept_drift" title="Concept drift">data drift</a> is addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>

<p>Designing an ML system involves balancing trade-offs between accuracy, latency, cost, and maintainability, while ensuring system scalability and reliability. The discipline overlaps with <a href="MLOps" title="MLOps">MLOps</a>, a set of practices that unifies machine learning development and operations to ensure smooth deployment and lifecycle management of ML systems.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Arcadia_(engineering)" title="Arcadia (engineering)">Arcadia (engineering)</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_pattern_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural pattern (computer science)">Architectural pattern (computer science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration design</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a> (EDA)</li>

<li><a href="Electronic_system-level" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic system-level">Electronic system-level</a> (ESL)</li>

<li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphical_system_design" title="Graphical system design">Graphical system design</a></li>

<li><a href="Kristo_Ivanov#Hypersystems" title="Kristo Ivanov">Hypersystems</a></li>

<li><a href="Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular design</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)" title="Morphological analysis (problem-solving)">Morphological analysis (problem-solving)</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis_and_design_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Systems analysis and design (disambiguation)">Systems analysis and design</a></li>

<li><a href="SCSD_(School_Construction_Systems_Development)_project" class="mw-redirect" title="SCSD (School Construction Systems Development) project">SCSD (School Construction Systems Development) project</a></li>

<li><a href="System_information_modelling" title="System information modelling">System information modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="System_development_life_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System development life cycle">System development life cycle</a> (SDLC)</li>

<li><a href="System_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="System engineering">System engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="System_thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="System thinking">System thinking</a></li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPapanek1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Victor_Papanek" title="Victor Papanek">Papanek, Victor J.</a> (1984) [1972]. <i>Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change</i> (2nd ed.). Chicago: Academy Chicago. p. 276. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0897331532</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12343986">12343986</a>.</cite></span>

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</style><span class="citation 1037C"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224547/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm"><i>Federal Standard 1037C</i></a>. <a href="General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm">the original</a> on 2022-01-22.</cite></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <cite class="citation cs1"><i><a href="Department_of_Defense_Dictionary_of_Military_and_Associated_Terms" title="Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms">Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms</a></i>. <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArden1991" class="citation book cs1">Arden, Trevor (1991). <i>Information technology applications</i>. London: Pitman. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-273-03470-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPolyzotis2017" class="citation book cs1">Polyzotis, Neoklis (2017). "Data Management Challenges in Production Machine Learning". <i>Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1723–</span>1726. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3035918.3054782">10.1145/3035918.3054782</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4503-4197-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/developers-practitioners/machine-learning-scale-challenges-and-best-practices">"Machine Learning at Scale: Challenges and Best Practices"</a>. <i>Google Cloud Blog</i>. 2020.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBentleyDittmanWhitten2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Lonnie_D._Bentley" title="Lonnie D. Bentley">Bentley, Lonnie D.</a>; <a href="Kevin_C._Dittman" title="Kevin C. Dittman">Dittman, Kevin C.</a>; <a href="Jeffrey_L._Whitten" title="Jeffrey L. Whitten">Whitten, Jeffrey L.</a> (2004) [1986]. <i>System analysis and design methods</i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChurchman1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">Churchman, C. West</a> (1971). <i>The Design of Inquiring Systems: Basic Concepts of Systems and Organization</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-465-01608-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGosling1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="William_Gosling_(engineer)" title="William Gosling (engineer)">Gosling, William</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/designofengineer00gosl"><i>The design of engineering systems</i></a></span>. New York: Wiley.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHawryszkiewycz1994" class="citation book cs1">Hawryszkiewycz, Igor T. (1994). <i>Introduction to system analysis and design</i>. Prentice Hall PTR.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLevin2015" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Mark S. (2015). <i>Modular system design and evaluation</i>. Springer.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMaierRechtin2000" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Mark W.; Rechtin, Eberhardt (2000). <i>The Art of System Architecting</i> (Second ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJ._H._SaltzerD._P._ReedD._D._Clark1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Jerry_Saltzer" title="Jerry Saltzer">J. H. Saltzer</a>; <a href="David_P._Reed" title="David P. Reed">D. P. Reed</a>; <a href="David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">D. D. Clark</a> (1 November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/endtoend/endtoend.pdf">"End-to-end arguments in system design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="ACM_Transactions_on_Computer_Systems" title="ACM Transactions on Computer Systems">ACM Transactions on Computer Systems</a></i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">277–</span>288. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F357401.357402">10.1145/357401.357402</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-2071">0734-2071</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215746877">215746877</a>. <a href="WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56503280" class="extiw external" title="d:Q56503280">Q56503280</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWhittenBentleyDittman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Whitten%2C_Jeffrey_L." class="mw-redirect" title="Whitten, Jeffrey L.">Whitten, Jeffrey L.</a>; <a href="Lonnie_D._Bentley" title="Lonnie D. Bentley">Bentley, Lonnie D.</a>; <a href="Kevin_C._Dittman" title="Kevin C. Dittman">Dittman, Kevin C.</a> (2004). <i>Fundamentals of system analysis and design methods</i>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/systems_design" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/systems design">systems design</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~johnson/teaching/isd/course.html">Interactive System Design</a>. Course by Chris Johnson, 1993</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://systemdesign.htw-berlin.de/produkte-prozesse/">[1]</a> Course by Prof. Birgit Weller, 2020</li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

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</style><div id="Design56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Design" title="Design">Design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_design" title="Outline of design">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Designer" title="Designer">Designer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disciplines56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disciplines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li>

<li><a href="Brand" title="Brand">Brand design</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li>

<li><a href="Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li>

<li><a href="News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li>

<li><a href="Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li>

<li><a href="Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> / <a href="Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li>

<li><a href="Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li>

<li><a href="Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a>

<li><a href="Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li>

<li><a href="CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li>

<li><a href="Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li>

<li><a href="Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li>

<li><a href="Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br>design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a>

<li><a href="Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li>

<li><a href="Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_design" title="Interactive design">Interactive design</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li>

<li><a href="User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li>

<li><a href="User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br><a href="Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li>

<li><a href="Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li>

<li><a href="Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li>

<li><a href="Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br>design<br>& <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li>

<li><a href="Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li>

<li><a href="Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li>

<li><a href="Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li>

<li><a href="Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li>

<li><a href="Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li>

<li><a href="Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li>

<li><a href="Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_design" title="Test design">Test design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_design" title="Active design">Active</a></li>

<li><a href="Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li>

<li><a href="Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li>

<li><a href="Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li>

<li><a href="C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li>

<li><a href="Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li>

<li><a href="Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li>

<li><a href="Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li>

<li><a href="Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a>

<ul><li><a href="Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a>

<ul><li><a href="Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ergonomic_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic design">Ergonomic</a></li>

<li><a href="Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidence-based_design" title="Evidence-based design">Evidence-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_design" title="Feminist design">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_the_environment" title="Design for the environment">For the environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li>

<li><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Hostile_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile design">Hostile</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li>

<li><a href="KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Prevention_through_design" title="Prevention through design">Prevention through</a></li>

<li><a href="Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a>

<ul><li><a href="Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">Opinion poll</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">Public opinion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li>

<li><a href="Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_design" title="Speculative design">Speculative</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a>

<li><a href="Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li>

<li><a href="Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a>

<ul><li><a href="Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_by_design" title="Quality by design">Quality by</a></li>

<li><a href="Secure_by_design" title="Secure by design">Secure by</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>Design <a href="Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Design justice">justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li>

<li><a href="Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li>

<li><a href="Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_system" title="Design system">Design system</a></li>

<li><a href="Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li>

<li><a href="Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li>

<li><a href="Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br>property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clean-room_design" title="Clean-room design">Clean-room design</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Community design">Community design</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li>

<li><a href="Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li>

<li><a href="Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li>

<li><a href="IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li>

<li><a href=".design" title=".design">.design</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominant_design" title="Dominant design">Dominant design</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li>

<li><a href="Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li>

<li><a href="Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li>

<li><a href="New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_design" title="Reference design">Reference design</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li>

<li><a href="STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li>

<li><a href="Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Design <a href="List_of_system_quality_attributes" title="List of system quality attributes">attributes</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_history" title="Design history">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_knowledge" title="Design knowledge">knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_language" title="Design language">language</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_museum" title="Design museum">museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_optimization" title="Design optimization">optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_paradigm" title="Design paradigm">paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_principles" title="Design principles">principles</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">rationale</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_review" title="Design review">review</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_specification" title="Design specification">specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_studies" title="Design studies">studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Design studio">studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_technology" title="Design technology">technology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_engineering118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Systems_engineering118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_Analysis_and_Allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Analysis and Allocation">Functional Analysis and Allocation</a></li>

<li><a href="System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li>

<li><a href="System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="System" title="System">System</a></li>

<li><a href="System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Spare_part" title="Spare part">Spare part</a></li>

<li><a href="System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li>

<li><a href="Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li>

<li><a href="Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li>

<li><a href="Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li>

<li><a href="Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li>

<li><a href="John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering336" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Software_engineering336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>

<li><a href="Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li>

<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li>

<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>

<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li>

<li><a href="View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification"> Requirements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Capacity_planning" title="Capacity planning"> Capacity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_users" title="Active users"> Users</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units"> Compute</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory"> Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)"> Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)"> Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"> Client</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)"> Load balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="System_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="System Integration"> Integration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration"> Vertical</a></li>

<li><a href="API_management" title="API management"> API Gateway</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_store" title="Event store"> Event Source</a></li>

<li><a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing"> Batch</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestration_(computing)" title="Orchestration (computing)"> Orchestration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectures">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application"> Monolithic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture"> Event-Driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model"> Client–server</a></li>

<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing"> Serverless</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">Rate limiting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database"> Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database"> Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database"> Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_series_database" title="Time series database"> Time series</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_orientation" title="Data orientation"> Column Oriented</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">Consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance"> Maintainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration"> Configurability</a></li>

<li><a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">Modularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)"> Durability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Service_statelessness_principle" title="Service statelessness principle"> Stateless</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)"> Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent hashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)"> Cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)"> Shard </a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_prefetching" title="Cache prefetching"> Pre-caching</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage"> Block storage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Observability_(software)" title="Observability (software)"> Observability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)"> Logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_metric" title="Software metric"> Metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)"> Tracing </a></li>

<li><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate"> Error rate </a></li>

<li><a href="Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">Queries per second </a></li>

<li><a href="Notification_system" title="Notification system">Notification system</a></li>

<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85131736">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555929705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/3916daea-5736-4cd4-a98f-8c9f1415c55b">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Systems_design&oldid=1302163754">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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